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Classification of Nickel and Nickel Alloy
Commercially pure nickel and nickel alloys are vital components that are extensively utilized in contemporary industry, particularly in hot and corrosive conditions. As a result, a variety of industries, including electronic equipment, petrochemicals, aircraft, and energy, employ pure nickel and its alloys extensively. The markets need for high-performance materials is growing along with the demand for manufacturing worldwide. Understanding the composition and characteristics of pure nickel and nickel alloys is very crucial.
Whats the commercially pure nickel?
Pure nickel usually refers to metal materials with a nickel content of more than 99%.
Features:
- Unparalleled resistance to caustic soda, even molten caustic soda corrosion
- Very good corrosion resistance to various reducing acids and salts, but not suitable for strong oxidizing media such as nitric acid
Common Grades:
It has great electrical and thermal conductivity and contains over 99.6% nickel alloy components. Nickel 200s advantageous qualities and chemical composition make it simple to produce and extremely resilient to corrosive conditions.
It is especially appropriate for use in high temperature situations since the carbon content is decreased based on nickel 200 to improve its resistance to corrosion at high temperatures.
|
Grade |
Chemical Composition (%) |
||||||
|
Ni |
Cu |
Fe |
Mn |
C |
Si |
S |
|
|
Nickel 200 |
≥99.00 |
≤0.25 |
≤0.40 |
≤0.35 |
≤0.15 |
≤0.35 |
≤0.01 |
|
Nickel 201 |
≥99.00 |
≤0.25 |
≤0.40 |
≤0.35 |
≤0.02 |
≤0.35 |
≤0.01 |
Comparison of Nickel 200 and Nickel 201
Differences：
- Deep drawing performance: Ni 201 is better
- Using temperature:
Ni 200: below 600℉ (315℃)
Ni 201: below 1250℉ (677℃)
- Different carbon content: Ni 200 has high carbon content, while Ni 201 has low carbon content
Similarities:
- Excellent corrosion resistance
- Resistant to corrosion by distilled water, natural water, and flowing seawater, but susceptible to corrosion by stagnant seawater
- Ferroregular, highly ductile mechanical properties over a wide temperature rangeGood processing and welding properties
Applications:
- Aerospace and missile components
- Chemical and petrochemical processing
- Food processing equipment
- Marine and water treatment
What is nickel alloy?
With nickel as the primary component and other alloying elements added, nickel alloy is a heavy nonferrous metal substance. The right amounts of alloying elements, such as chromium, iron, molybdenum, copper, and other elements, must be added to nickel in order to further enhance its physical and chemical characteristics and satisfy the demands of scientific, technological, and industrial progress.
Advantages of nickel alloy
- Excellent corrosion resistance
- Good high temperature strength
- Excellent electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity
- Good wear resistance and fatigue resistance
- High temperature resistance and oxidation resistance
Classification of Nickel Alloys
According to different uses, nickel alloys can be divided into the following types:
1. Nickel-based high temperature alloy
Its also known as nickel based superalloy. With nickel as the matrix, its nickel concentration is often higher than 50%, and it has good resistance to gas corrosion and oxidation at temperatures between 650 and 1000°C.
Main alloying elements: chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt, aluminum, titanium, boron, zirconium, etc.
- Chromium: anti-oxidation and corrosion resistance
- Other elements: play a strengthening role
Common grades:
Nimonic75
Nimonic80
Applications:
- Structural components working at 950-1050℃ in the aerospace field
- Hot end components of industrial gas turbines
- High-temperature components on energy conversion equipment
2. Nickel-based corrosion-resistant alloy
Its an alloy with nickel as the base, containing more than 50% nickel, having certain comprehensive properties such as high-temperature strength and being able to resist oxidation or water-prone medium corrosion.
If the corrosion-resistant alloy contains more than 30% nickel and more than 50% nickel and iron, it is called an iron-nickel-based corrosion-resistant alloy.
- Main alloy elements: copper, chromium, molybdenum
- Features: it has good comprehensive properties, can resist various acid corrosion, and stress corrosion
→ Monel alloy (Ni-Cu Alloy)
It is a solid solution alloy of Ni and Cu mixed in any proportion.
Features:
- Good resistance to HF, seawater and crevice corrosion
-Higher strength and toughness
Common grade：
In hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid, fluorine gas, and their derivatives, it exhibits exceptional resistance to corrosion. In seawater, it also resists corrosion better than alloys based on copper.
Additionally, it is among the few significant materials that are resistant to hydrofluoric acid.
Monel 400 is combined with titanium and aluminum to create Monel K500. It is stronger and harder after being treated with a solid solution.
|
Grade |
Chemical Composition (%) |
||||||||
|
Ni |
Cu |
Fe |
Mn |
C |
Si |
S |
Al |
Ti |
|
|
Monel 400 |
≥63.00 |
28.00-34.00 |
≤2.50 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.30 |
≤0.50 |
≤0.024 |
- |
- |
|
Monel K500 |
≥63.00 |
27.00-33.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤1.50 |
≤0.18 |
≤0.50 |
≤0.010 |
2.30-3.15 |
0.35-0.85 |
→ Ni-Cr Alloy & Ni-Fe-Cr Alloy
Nickel and chromium are the main elements of these alloys, which provide strength, corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance in a wide range of temperatures and environments.
- Inconel alloy: lower iron content
- Incoloy alloy: higher iron content, up to 45%
Common grades：
With an ω (Ni+Co) concentration of more than 72%, Inconel 600 is resistant to general oxidation and cracking under chloride stress at high temperatures. Additionally, it is resistant to caustic corrosion brought on by extremely pure water.
Inconel 601 (UNS N06601)
It has an aluminum alloying element, which sets it apart from Inconel 600 and enables it to display excellent mechanical qualities in highly hot conditions.
Inconel 625 (UNS N06625)
It is an alloy of nickel, chromium, and molybdenum with niobium added. Niobium reacts with the molybdenum to harden the matrix of the alloy and raise its strength levels. For Inconel 625 to become stronger, considerable heat treatment is not necessary.
It is especially good at stopping pitting and crevice corrosion, and it can survive extreme conditions that would kill nearly any other alloy.
|
Grade |
Chemical Composition (%) |
|||||||||||||
|
Ni |
Cr |
Cu |
Fe |
Mn |
C |
Si |
P |
S |
Al |
Ti |
Mo |
Nb+Ta |
Co |
|
|
Inconel 600 |
≥72.00 |
14.00-17.00 |
≤5.00 |
6.00-10.00 |
≤1.00 |
≤0.15 |
≤0.50 |
- |
≤0.015 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
Inconel 601 |
58.00-63.00 |
21.00-25.00 |
≤1.00 |
Rest |
≤1.50 |
≤0.10 |
≤0.50 |
- |
≤0.015 |
1.00-1.70 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
Inconel 625 |
≥58.00 |
20.00-23.00 |
- |
≤5.00 |
≤0.50 |
≤0.10 |
≤0.50 |
≤0.015 |
≤0.015 |
≤0.40 |
≤0.40 |
≥8.00 |
3.15-4.15 |
≤1.00 |
Incoloy 800 (UNS N08800)
In some high-temperature applications, Inconel 800 can be used in place of Inconel 600 since it has more iron but less nickel, which significantly lowers the cost of the material.
Alloy 825, which contains almost 30% iron, is occasionally referred to as super austenitic stainless steel. Incoloy 825 is an austenitic nickel-iron-chromium alloy that has been enhanced with copper, titanium, and molybdenum. In oxidizing and reducing situations, it exhibits unique corrosion resistance.
- Nickel: It can resist chloride stress corrosion
- Molybdenum and copper: It has a fairly strong corrosion resistance in reducing environments
- Chromium and molybdenum: Enhance the ability to resist chloride pitting corrosion and various oxidizing environment corrosion
- Titanium: The alloy is more stable during welding and is not easy to sensitize
|
Grade |
Chemical Composition (%) |
|||||||||||
|
Ni |
Cr |
Cu |
Fe |
Mn |
C |
Si |
P |
S |
Al |
Ti |
Mo |
|
|
Incoloy 800 |
30.00-35.00 |
19.00-23.00 |
≤0.75 |
≥39.50 |
≤1.50 |
≤0.10 |
≤1.00 |
≤0.045 |
≤0.015 |
0.15-0.60 |
0.15-0.60 |
2.50-3.50 |
|
Incoloy 825 |
38.00-46.00 |
19.50-23.50 |
1.50-3.00 |
≥22.00 |
≤1.00 |
≤0.05 |
≤0.50 |
- |
≤0.03 |
≤0.20 |
0.60-1.20 |
- |
→ Ni-Mo Alloy & Ni-Cr-Mo Alloy
Hastelloy alloy: Ultra-low carbon Ni-Cr-Mo alloy with Cr and Mo as main alloying elements
As a cutting-edge nickel-based alloy, hastelloy exhibits exceptional resistance to corrosion in a range of extreme corrosive conditions, including sulfurous acid, moist oxygen, strong oxidizing salt media, and more.
The B and C grades of hastelloy alloys are the most commonly utilized in chemical facilities:
- Hastelloy B alloy: with best hydrochloric acid corrosion resistance
- Hastelloy C alloy: Ni-Cr-Mo alloy, is a versatile corrosion-resistant substance that may be used in a variety of settings. High levels of alloying are found in the C series, and the Cr and Mo elements, respectively, resist corrosion in oxidizing and reducing conditions. When combined, they also prevent local corrosion, such as pitting and crevice corrosion.
Common grade:
Hastelloy B-2 (UNS N10665): Resistant to hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid corrosion, suitable for chemical equipment
Hastelloy B-3 (UNS N10675)：Optimized processing performance based on B-2, better corrosion resistance
|
Grade |
Chemical Composition (%) |
|||||||||||||||
|
Ni |
Cr |
Cu |
Fe |
Mn |
C |
Si |
P |
S |
Al |
Ti |
Mo |
Co |
W |
V |
Zr |
|
|
Hastelloy B-2 |
Rest |
≤1.00 |
- |
≤2.00 |
≤1.00 |
≤0.02 |
≤0.10 |
≤0.040 |
≤0.030 |
- |
- |
26.00-30.00 |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
Hastelloy B-3 |
≥65.00 |
1.00-3.00 |
≤0.20 |
1.00-3.00 |
≤3.00 |
≤0.01 |
≤0.10 |
≤0.030 |
≤0.010 |
≤0.50 |
≤0.20 |
27.00-32.00 |
≤3.00 |
≤3.00 |
≤0.20 |
≤0.10 |
Hastelloy B-3: Nb≤0.20, Ta≤0.20, Ni+Mo 94.00-98.00
Hastelloy C-276 (UNS N10276): Resistant to a variety of strong acids, strong alkalis and chlorides, widely used in the chemical and environmental protection fields
Hastelloy C-22 (UNS N06022): Further optimized on the basis of C-276, with stronger corrosion resistance
Hastelloy C-2000 (UNS N06200): It has comprehensive corrosion resistance and is suitable for extreme corrosive environments
|
Grade |
Chemical Composition (%) |
|||||||||||||
|
Ni |
Cr |
Cu |
Fe |
Mn |
C |
Si |
P |
S |
Al |
Mo |
W |
Co |
V |
|
|
Hastelloy C-276 |
Rest |
14.50-16.50 |
- |
4.00-7.00 |
≤1.00 |
≤0.01 |
≤0.08 |
≤0.040 |
≤0.030 |
- |
15.00-17.00 |
3.00-4.50 |
≤2.50 |
≤0.35 |
|
Hastelloy C-22 |
Rest |
20.00-22.50 |
- |
2.00-6.00 |
≤0.50 |
≤0.015 |
≤0.08 |
≤0.020 |
≤0.020 |
- |
12.50-14.50 |
2.50-3.50 |
≤2.50 |
≤0.35 |
|
Hastelloy C-2000 |
Rest |
22.00-24.00 |
1.30-1.90 |
≤3.00 |
≤0.50 |
≤0.01 |
≤0.08 |
≤0.025 |
≤0.010 |
≤0.50 |
15.00-17.00 |
- |
≤2.00 |
- |
3. Nickel-based wear-resistant alloy
It is a type of nickel alloy that must resist medium corrosion and high-temperature oxidation in addition to abrasive, adhesive, and other forms of wear.
- Main alloy elements: chromium, molybdenum, tungsten
- Minor elements: niobium, tantalum, indium
Performance
- Excellent wear resistance
- Good oxidation resistance
- Good corrosion resistance
- Good welding performance
4. Nickel-based precision alloy
→ Soft magnetic alloy:
It is a nickel-based ferromagnetic alloy that is easily magnetized in a magnetic field and loses all or most of its magnetic properties after exiting the magnetic field.
The most commonly used is Permalloy, which contains about 80% nickel.
→ Precision resistance alloy
It refers to a nickel-based resistance alloy with a small resistance temperature coefficient and a small and stable absolute value of the thermoelectric potential to copper.
Main alloy elements: chromium, aluminum, copper
Characteristics:
- Higher resistivity
- Low resistivity temperature coefficient
- Good corrosion resistance
Application: Making resistors
→ Electrothermal alloy
It is a nickel alloy containing 20% chromium, with good oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance
Using temperature: 1000~1100℃
5. Nickel-based shape memory alloy
It refers to a nickel-based alloy that can recover to its original shape after being properly deformed at a certain temperature and then subjected to temperature changes.
NiTi alloy is the most representative shape memory material, generally containing more than 50% titanium alloy elements
Recovery temperature: 70℃
- Grade: Nitinol, Memorite, Tinel, Flexon
Performance
- Good memory effect and superelastic properties
- Higher mechanical properties
- Excellent wear resistance and corrosion resistance
- Good damping properties
- Good biocompatibility
Our business specializes in providing nickel alloy tubes made of different materials, such as Inconel, Monel, Hastelloy, and other series of products that are extensively utilized in the energy, aerospace, and chemical industries, among other sectors. Please email us with any demands, and we will be happy to serve you with top-notch goods and services!
Nickel Alloy Tube
FAQ:
What is high temperature alloy?
This kind of alloy, which is composed of iron, nickel, and cobalt, has strong surface stability, can endure high temperatures, and can withstand a lot of mechanical stress.
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